Болезни лука и чеснока: хороший урожай без болезней и вредителей

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Болезни лука и чеснока: хороший урожай без болезней и вредителей

Болезни лука и чеснока: хороший урожай без болезней и вредителей

В прошлой статье «Борьба с вредителями лука и чеснока» мы рассказали о правильной подготовке растений к посадке и поддержания их здоровья до момента сбора урожая. Теперь поговорим о заболеваниях лука и чеснока более подробно — причины возникновения, симптомы и методы лечения.

Зеленая плесень лука и чеснока

Болезни лука и чеснока: хороший урожай без болезней и вредителей

Данное заболевание приносит огромные потери фермерским хозяйствам и обычным огородникам, ведь плоды поражаются уже на этапе транспортировки или хранения. Проявления болезни начинаются через два месяца после закладки плодов на хранение в случае подмерзания или механических повреждений. Болезнь развивается в условиях повышенной влажности и высокой температуры воздуха в помещении для хранения лука и чеснока. Первый признак заболевания — водянистые пятна бледно-желтого цвета на листьях, со временем покрывающиеся плесенью голубовато-зеленого цвета. Чаще всего это происходит на этапе вегетации, а заражение начинается с донца луковицы и внешних чешуек. В разрезе пораженный плод бурый и водянистый. Чеснок же вначале вянет, а затем покрывается желтоватыми пятнами.

Стандартный набор мер предосторожности:

  • качественно сушить плоды после сбора урожая;
  • обеспечить бережную транспортировку урожая;
  • хранить лук и чеснок в сухом при температуре +5 градусов Цельсия.

Гельминтоспориоз чеснока

Болезни лука и чеснока: хороший урожай без болезней и вредителей

Гельминтоспориоз — серьезное заболевание чеснока, проявляющееся в первую очередь на донце чеснока и зубках бурыми вдавленными пятнами, которые постепенно поражают весь плод. Со временем цвет пятен меняется на черный, а здоровые участки зубков начинают гнить.

Если зараженный плод был использован для посадки, то на листьях молодого растения появятся хлоротические пятна. Само растение будет развиваться крайне медленно, постоянно теряя листву. Игнорирование симптомов заболевания приводит к поражению всей чесночной головки и гибели корневой системы.

Опытные садоводы отмечают, что гельминтоспориоз чаще проявляется на чесночных головках с белыми чешуйками. И что самое главное, заражение может произойти и в период вегетации растения еще на дачном участке, и уже в процессе хранения. Причины заражения — некачественный посадочный материал, посадка в зараженную почву, а также остатки зараженных растений в месте хранения.

Ускорение развития болезни является логическим продолжением несоблюдения правил выращивания. Например, гельминтоспориоз активизируется в условиях повышенной влажности, что значит, переизбыток полива для него под запретом. Для посадки выбирайте легкие песчаные почвы с небольшим количеством перегноя, а дополнительное внесение навоза в почву и вовсе запрещено. Рекомендуется регулярная проверка посевов, чтобы выявлять и удалять больные растения на начальных стадиях развития гельминтоспориоза.

Популярная мера профилактики данной проблемы — соблюдение норм севооборота, по которым нужно изменять место посадки не реже чем раз в 3-4 года. Посадочный материал перед использованием рекомендуется протравливать раствором формалина.

Гниль донца лука

Болезни лука и чеснока: хороший урожай без болезней и вредителей

Данное заболевание, как и гельминтоспориоз, может развиться и на этапе вегетации, и во процессе хранения урожая. Болезнь может активизироваться при повышенной влажности воздуха с температурой от +13 до +37 градусов Цельсия.

Поражение плода начинается с донца, особенно ему подвержены поврежденные вредителями и другими болезнями луковицы. Если болезнь проявилась на этапе вегетации, главным симптомом будет усыхание верхушки и отмирание листьев. Запущенные формы заболевания приводят к загниванию корневой системы. Если же гниль донца развивается уже в хранилище, плоды становятся мягкими и водянистыми, а на донце появляется большая грибница. Также мицелий распространяется вглубь плода, оставляя небольшие «подушечки» розового мицелия между чешуйками.

Бороться с этим заболеванием сложно, но можно, если соблюдать правила севооборота, верно выбирать место для посадки, а также использовать качественный посадочный материал. Опытные огородники рекомендуют использовать для посадки устойчивые гибридные сорта, обработанные предварительно безопасными химическими препаратами, например, фунгицидом КВАРТИС.

Методы борьбы с шейковатой гнилью

Болезни лука и чеснока: хороший урожай без болезней и вредителей

Первый этап заражения шейковатой гнилью начинается во время уборки урожая, когда листья растения ложатся на зараженный грунт. Возбудитель также может проникать в плод через трещины и другие механические повреждения. На начальном этапе выявить заболевание невозможно, поэтому в большинстве своем пораженные луковицы попадают в общее хранилище со здоровыми.

Первые симптомы отмечают на первых месяцах хранения — в сентябре-октябре, когда шейка и боковые части луковицы начинают прогнивать до донца. Со временем пораженные участки размягчаются и приобретают желтовато-розовый оттенок. Поверхность пораженных чешуек покрывается плотным слоем серой плесени, со временем превращающейся в сплошную черную корку.

Интенсивность развития шейковатой гнили зависит от ряда факторов: уровня влажности, в помещении и температурного режима. Рост грибка-возбудителя прекращается лишь в сухом хранилище, где температура воздуха поддерживается на уровне 0 градусов Цельсия. Способствует поражению лука данным заболеванием еще на этапе выращивания активное использование азотных удобрений, так как растение под их воздействием становится более восприимчивым к грибку.

Чтобы минимизировать количество пораженных плодов, во-первых, используйте качественный здоровый посадочный материал, подготовленный заранее. Во-вторых, соблюдайте сроки сбора урожая и правила хранения, ведь перед укладкой, например, в сарай или подвал, лук следует хорошо высушить на открытом воздухе под солнечными лучами. Третий момент — создайте оптимальные условия для хранения: относительная влажность воздуха — не более 75% и температура воздуха — не выше +5 градусов Цельсия.

Из-за того, что до сих пор не было выявлено устойчивых к шейковатой гнили сортов, посадочный материал и собранный урожай рекомендуется обрабатывать фунгицидами.

Источник: floraprice.ru

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