Без семеноводства сорт не может жить. Важным условием его размножения является сохранение чистосортности, биологических и урожайных качеств. Решение этих задач осуществляется сортосменою и сортообновлением.
Сортосмена — это своевременная замена старых сортов новыми, лучшими. Во всем мире ее считают важным условием повышения урожайности. Хотя в производстве встречаются очень старые сорта, которые находят своего потребителя. Сортообновление означает замену семян, которые ухудшили свои сортовые и урожайные качества, лучшими семенами того же самого сорта.
С сортообновлением связаны такие понятия, как суперэлита, элита, первая, вторая и третья репродукции. Суперэлиту и элиту выращивают научно-исследовательские учреждения — оригинаторы сортов. Семена элиты передают в семеноводческие хозяйства, где и получают семена различных репродукций, которые в дальнейшем используются для получения товарной продукции.
Чем обусловлена необходимость сортообновления? Каждый сорт — это словно живой организм, который рождается, отдает свои силы на благо человека и вырождается. Причин старения сортов несколько — механическая и биологическая засоренность, появление новых мутаций, уменьшение природного иммунитета к болезням и вредителям и так далее. Каждая из этих причин ухудшает сорт.
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