Зеленое удобрение — один из китов, на которых стоит органическое земледелие. Растения выращивают не для употребления в пищу, а для повышения плодородия. Их зеленую массу заделывают в почву, чтобы увеличить содержание органического вещества. В качестве зеленого удобрения используют чаще всего смеси.
Источником азота служат бобовые, они способны усваивать и накапливать атмосферный азот, который потом переходит в почву. Водный и воздушный режим улучшается благодаря рыхлящему и структурирующему действию корневой системы растений. Тут ведущая роль принадлежит злаковым. Они имеют широко разветвленную мочковатую корневую систему, которая разбивает почву. Особенно это бывает необходимо, если почва тяжелая, уплотненная и в нее плохо проникает вода.
На легких почвах зеленое удобрение увеличивает водоудерживающую способность. Такие культуры не дают никакой продукции, но они оздоравливают почву на пять-шесть лет. В земледелии есть одно очень важное правило, которому непременно надо следовать: никогда не оставляйте почву без растительного покрова. Зеленое удобрение спасает и тут.
Оно растет до, после или в промежутках между основными культурами, создавая плотный листовой покров. Это защищает почву от выветривания и минерализации органического вещества, снижает вымывание питательных веществ в глубокие слои, удерживая их в верхнем плодородном горизонте. Такой листовой покров играет роль живой мульчи. Осенние посевы зеленого удобрения следует практиковать на легких почвах и почвах, подверженных эрозии.
Их оставляют на зиму, заделывают в землю весной. Зеленое удобрение выполняет санитарную роль — подавляет рост сорняков, а некоторые растения еще и очищают почву от вредителей и болезней. Например, горчица не нравится проволочнику. Такое удобрение не уступает навозу по способности обогащать почву гумусом и азотом, но не дает некоторых питательных веществ, поэтому нельзя полностью исключать внесение навоза или компоста, но можно сократить их дозу.
Прежде чем высевать зеленое удобрение, надо все обдумать: какое действие вы хотите получить, какая культура его может дать, когда лучше ее посеять и заделать, что после нее будет расти? Зеленое удобрение и основная культура не должны принадлежать к одному семейству — у них одинаковые болезни и вредители. Заделывать растения в почву рекомендуется в период бутонизации, до начала цветения, когда растения еще не очень грубые.
Глубина заделки на легких почвах — 12-15 см, на тяжелых — 6-8. Какие растения годятся для того, чтобы стать зеленым удобрением — сидератом? Их много. Из бобовых — бобы кормовые, вика, сераделла, горох полевой (пелюшка), люцерна. Клевер для получения нужного эффекта следует выращивать не менее двух лет. Очень популярна горчица. Отличается быстрым ростом гречиха.
Овес обычно сеют в смеси с викой или горохом. Для рапса требуется хорошо разрыхленная и выровненная почва — у него мелкие семена. Редька масличная готова расти в любых условиях и на любых почвах. Ее тоже можно высевать в смеси с викой. Рожь улучшает физические свойства почвы, но при этом сильно ее иссушает. Сурепицу можно сеять весной до основной культуры, а также осенью, оставляя в зиму незаделанной.
Гибрид сурепицы и китайской капусты называется перко, он пригоден для позднего посева. Фацелия считается хорошим медоносом. Можно высевать даже кресс-салат. До высадки основной культуры сеют быстрорастущие растения: горчицу, рапс, редьку масличную, кресс-салат.
За две недели до посадки культуры молодые растения заделывают в почву или используют как мульчу. После ранних культур, если до конца вегетации остается 70-80 дней, используются горохо-овсяная и вико-овсяная смеси, фацелия, рапс, сурепица, горчица, редька масличная, перко.
При более позднем посеве годятся яровой рапс, яровая сурепица, горчица, редька масличная, перко. Их можно заделать в почву после заморозков, а можно оставить расти и заделать весной. Если овощи остаются в грунте до поздней осени, покровную культуру можно высеять заранее в междурядия.
Совсем неплохо будет ввести в севооборот одну делянку, которая весь сезон будет занята культурой, восстанавливающей плодородие. Так постепенно вы охватите всю площадь. Положительное действие зеленого удобрения длится до пяти лет.
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