Азимина

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Азимина
Семейство Анноновые

В семейство Анноновые входит более 120 родов и около 2100 видов (непосредственно в роде Азимина — 10), среди которых есть и декоративные и плодовые культуры, но всего лишь один из них, а именно — азимина трехлопастная, способен существовать за пределами тропиков и субтропиков.

В Америке дикорастущая азимина распространена от Мексиканского залива до Великих Озер, в США встречается в штатах Нью-Йорк, Канзас и Мичиган, а культивируется даже в Канаде (на юге), то есть в тех климатических условиях, которые характерны практически для всей Украины и значительной территории европейской части России (не говоря уже о южных регионах). Как культура она у нас известна очень мало. Хотя отдельные садоводы-любители (главным образом в Крыму) выращивают ее уже не первый год, а в Европе в ее перспективности убедились уже давно, однако в полной мере промышленной плодовой культурой она не стала.

Наиболее распространено культивирование азимины в США, Бразилии, Испании, Италии и на юге Франции.

Биологические особенности
Азимина трехлопастная в дикой природе обычно выглядит как дерево, достигающее 12 м высотой, с густой пирамидальной кроной, однако в культуре ее рост обычно ограничивают и часто формируют как куст до 6 м высотой, чему способствует и обильное образование прикорневой поросли. Побеги у нее тонкие, направлены главным образом вверх.

Листья крупные (до 20 см длиной), поникающие, удлиненно-овальные, простые, по форме приближаются к ланцетным, зеленые. Генеративные почки закладываются и распускаются неравномерно, что позволяет азимине плодоносить даже в тех случаях, когда их часть погибает от весенних заморозков.

Цветки двуполые (но само растение однодомное), одиночные, крупные (4—6 см в диаметре), каштановые, выглядят весьма декоративно — слегка напоминают одновременно и розу, и тюльпан. Опыляется насекомыми. Из одного цветка формируется соплодие, содержащее обычно от 2 до 7 плодов на одной плодоножке. Плоды значительно различаются по размеру даже в одном соплодии, их масса может колебаться от 50 до 300 г (длина — от 5 до 14 см), по форме они напоминают продолговатые картофелины (неровные эллипсоиды) беловато-зеленого или зеленовато- белого цвета.

Лучше всего азимина растет на слабокислых легких грунтах. Она весьма теплолюбива и не всегда достаточно морозостойка (молодые саженцы и сеянцы могут гибнуть от зимних температур в Степи и на востоке Украины, но взрослые экземпляры старше 2 лет переносят холода почти без потерь) и очень влаголюбива, в большинстве регионов Степи ее можно выращивать только при регулярном орошении. Сухость воздуха переносит нормально. Светолюбива, но может мириться с небольшим затенением. Урожаи дает регулярно, потенциально они очень высокие, но на практике их объем существенно зависит от погодных условий и уровня агротехники.

Ценность культуры
Плоды азимины очень ароматные и, по уверению всех, кому посчастливилось ее попробовать, очень вкусные — сладкие с чуть заметной кислинкой и своеобразным привкусом. Их можно употреблять как в свежем виде, так и перерабатывать на соки, варенье, джемы и другие сладости.

Плоды азимины обладают ценными диетическими и лечебными свойствами. Помимо сахаров, в них содержится много витаминов А и С, пектиновых веществ (до 2 %) и микроэлементов (железо, медь), а из макроэлементов — магния и калия (368 мг на 100 г), очень полезного для сосудов и сердца. В странах, где азимина распространена, ее всегда рекомендуют включать в диету людям, страдающим сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями. Североамериканские индейцы употребляли азимину как противоядие. В настоящее время из сырья ее плодов в западных странах изготавливают лекарственные препараты, повышающие иммунитет и применяющиеся для лечения онкологических заболеваний.

Сорта
Как таковых сортов азимины в Украине и России нет.

Выбор места
Азимина любит легкие слабокислые грунты, слишком тяжелые глинистые почвы, особенно с щелочной реакцией pH, для нее непригодны. Плохо переносит засоленность почвы. Лучше всего высаживать ее на солнечном месте (возможно небольшое затенение), хорошо защищенном от ветра.

Способы размножения
Из-за перекрестного опыления при семенном размножении азимины положительные признаки не сохраняются, поэтому ее размножают главным образом прививкой.

Во всех регионах, кроме субтропических, азимину надо высаживать так, чтобы прививка была ориентирована на юг.

Посадка, размер посадочной ямы
Для выращивания азимины требуется площадь питания не менее 2 х 2,5 м. Глубина посадочной ямы зависит от диаметра корней саженца или сеянца (яма должна быть шире на 20 см). Саженцы или сеянцы нежелательно хранить вне земли долго — чем меньше они пробудут на воздухе, тем лучше (если их надо куда-либо транспортировать, стебель и корни надо обернуть пакетом с увлажненными опилками).

Глубина посадки зависит от типа почвы: на легких грунтах корневую шейку заглубляют на 8—12 см, на суглинистых — на 6—8 см, после чего поливают, а после проседания земли подсыпают еще немного грунта. Притаптывать или механически уплотнять землю в приствольном круге другим способом нельзя. Почву после посадки желательно замульчировать.

Уход
Главное в уходе за азиминой — это обеспечение достаточным количеством влаги. В засушливых регионах культивировать ее можно лишь при условии регулярных поливов не менее 2 раз в месяц.

Подкормки желательно начинать с 3-го года после посадки (весной растворами минеральных и органических удобрений).
Глубокое перекапывание приствольного круга нежелательно, лучше рыхлить его чаще, но на небольшую глубину.

Обрезка, формирование куста
Четких схем формирования куста азимины нет, но для удобства сбора урожая ей обычно оставляют невысокий штамб и ограничивают рост в высоту, обрезая верхушки побегов.

Санитарная обрезка является обязательной. Помимо слабых ветвей удаляют побеги, пострадавшие от зимних холодов.

Особенности сбора урожая
Плоды азимины собирают, когда они становятся мягкими (мякоть спелых плодов имеет кремообразную консистенцию).

Вредители и болезни
Будучи «заморским» растением, азимина практически не повреждается местными вредителями и болезнями, однако ее корни могут подгрызать личинки хрущей.

Источник: supersadovod.ru
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