Большинство хризантем по своей природе — многолетние цветы, но те растения, которые зимой не остаются в открытом грунте, требуют особых условий при хранении. Зимой хризантемам обязательно нужен отдых, ростовые процессы замедляются за счёт хранения при невысокой температуре. Существует несколько способов хранения хризантем зимой (роз это тоже касается), и каждый дачник может подобрать подходящий вариант, ориентируясь на собственные возможности и сортовые особенности питомцев.
Главное условие успешного хранения — создание для любых многолетних хризантем зимой низкой положительной температуры (разбег от 1 до 5 град тепла) при умеренной влажности.
Краткое содержание
- 1 Зимовка хризантем в открытом грунте (без выкопки)
- 1.1 Какие виды цветов точно могут выжить
- 2 Хризантемы в теплице
- 3 Хранение хризантем в погребе (подвале)
- 3.1 Боремся с болезнями
- 3.2 Подготовка к новому сезону
- 4 Хранение хризантем в траншее открытого грунта
Зимовка хризантем в открытом грунте (без выкопки)
Какие виды цветов точно могут выжить
В результате длительной селекции выведено множество разновидностей этой популярной цветочной культуры. Ежегодно появляются новые гибридные сорта. В условиях средней полосы и сходных по климату регионах с хорошим снеговым покровом зимуют в открытом грунте корейская группа и мультифлора с мелкими и средними размерами цветка. Компактные растения (например, разновидность зембла) пригодны для горшечной культуры, в том числе для выращивания на подоконниках и балконах. Шикарные крупноцветковые культивары позднего срока цветения (индийского типа) нуждаются в особом уходе.
Сорта с некрупными головками и ранними сроками цветения неплохо зимуют на участке под снегом. Неудачи чаще бывают связаны с подпреванием растений или их общим угнетённым состоянием. Важен весь комплекс агротехнических мероприятий.
1. Высаживаем кусты только на солнечных, возвышенных местах (но там, где зимой не выдувает снег).
2. Излишняя сырость не допускается. Она может спровоцировать грибковые заболевания и ослабить растения.
3. Необходимо проводить своевременную обработку против вредителей.
4. Азотные подкормки в первую половину вегетации помогут нарастить мощный куст, а последующее фосфорно-калийное питание позволит ему окрепнуть к зиме.
5. Осенью обрезку надземной части производим как можно позже (после заморозков), чтобы питательные вещества из отмирающих стеблей ушли в корни и укрепили их.
6. Укрываем прикорневую зону, когда почва начинает подмерзать (желательно в сухую погоду).
7. Наилучшим является сухое укрытие: например, водонепроницаемая плёнка поверх слоя сухой листвы или лапника. Весной плёнка убирается как можно раньше.
8. Чем дольше вегетационный период, тем раньше растения зацветают и тем успешнее потом зимуют. Чтобы кустики хризантем быстрее пошли в рост, в начале сезона над ними устанавливают минипарнички из укрывного материала.
9. Как правило, молодые растения зимуют лучше великовозрастных, поэтому кусты желательно делить как можно чаще, раз в 2-3 года, и не осенью, а только весной.
Чтобы случайно не остаться без любимых цветов, многие садоводы предпочитают несколько экземпляров всё-таки выкапывать и сохранять отдельно.
Хризантемы в теплице
Если у садовода на дачном участке имеется зимняя теплица, лоджия, веранда или другое помещение, в котором зимой можно поддерживать стабильную температуру от нуля до плюс пяти градусов, то хранение любых хризантем удобнее всего осуществлять именно там. Засыпающие, обрезанные растения расставляют в горшках либо прикапывают (если это теплица) корневую систему, ёмкости. Грунт должен быть очень рыхлым и водопроницаемым, его поддерживают в слегка увлажнённом состоянии. В начале нового сезона температуру и полив увеличивают, мотивируя пробуждение саженцев. Этим способом сохраняют, как правило, крупноцветковые, зацветающие поздно сорта, а также растения для коммерческих целей (ранняя продажа рассады, торговля горшечными цветами и букетами).
Хранение хризантем в погребе (подвале)
Пожалуй, большинство садоводов использует для зимнего хранения хризантем непромерзающие подвалы, подполья и погреба. В хорошем, глубоком погребе отсутствует плесень, держатся оптимальная влажность воздуха (главное, чтобы не было капели и сильной сырости) и необходимая температура. Здесь отдыхают после осеннего цветения комнатные горшечные кустики со слегка увлажнённым земляным комом. В погребе сохраняются уличные крупноцветковые сорта. Сюда же отправляются «для подстраховки» ценные корейские сорта и мультифлоры. Грунтовые хризантемы, обрезанные поздней осенью и вынутые с комом земли, можно просто установить на земляной, глиняный пол либо в ящики вплотную друг к другу, слегка сбрызнув корневую систему водой. Если растения подсаживают в горшки (с дренажными отверстиями!), то используют очень рыхлый песчано-торфяной субстрат, увлажнённый совсем слегка.
Боремся с болезнями
Кусты, выкопанные в непогоду (дождь), перед закладкой в подвал на хранение несколько дней выдерживают в сухом прохладном месте. Оставшиеся после обрезки небольшие пенёчки можно опрыснуть препаратами-инсектицидами (к примеру, Искрой, Децисом — от вредителей) и фунгицидами (например, ХОМом, Чистоцветом — от плесени и других инфекций). Зимой надо периодически осматривать хранящийся материал, удаляя плесень (если появится; обычно это бывает от излишней сырости) и прищипывая отрастающие побеги (при повышенной температуре). Подсохшие корни немного увлажняют. Если с осени погреб продезинфицировать и наладить хорошую вентиляцию, неприятностей возникнуть не должно.
Подготовка к новому сезону
В конце зимы или начале весны отправляем домой или в теплицу комнатные хризантемы. Им для роста и цветения необходима температура около +15 градусов, противопоказаны жара и сухой воздух. Грунтовые крупноцветковые сорта с длительным периодом вегетации тоже пробуждаем пораньше для подращивания. В феврале-марте достаем из погреба кустики, предназначенные для раннего размножения зелёным черенкованием. Корни неприхотливых корейских хризантем высаживаем в открытый грунт после установления положительных температур (можно под укрывной материал).
В погребе(подвале) осуществляем хранение корней хризантем, приобретённых за несколько месяцев до высадки. Месяц-два их можно также попробовать подержать дома в холодильнике (в мешочке с торфом), не допуская переувлажнения.
Хранение хризантем в траншее открытого грунта
При отсутствии надёжного погреба корни крупноцветковых, а также других особо ценных хризантем отправляют на хранение в глубине почвенного слоя. Это возможно в районах, где зимой хороший снеговой покров и грунт не промерзает слишком глубоко. Участок должен находиться вне зоны затопления, весной рано освобождаться от снега.
Осенью на садовом участке выкапываем траншею, как правило, глубиной от полуметра до метра бывает достаточно. Выкопанные после заморозков кусты хризантем подрезаем и укладываем для хранения на дно траншеи (можно вертикально или горизонтально). Пространство до уровня почвы заполняем заготовленными заранее сухими листьями (допустимо использовать очень сухие опилки или лёгкую перегнойную землю; верхний слой может быть из лапника). Затем накрываем досками, шифером, плотным картоном, куском поликарбоната и т. п.; сверху застилаем полиэтиленовой плёнкой. Главное — не допустить сырости, иначе растения сопреют. Весной, после схода снега, траншею раскрываем (делаем это постепенно, послойно). Корни ставим в тёплое место на подращивание (подсадив в горшки) либо — по погоде — сразу высаживаем в открытый грунт.
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