От качества выбранных для посева семян зависит множество очень важных характеристик будущих растений — урожайность, полноценность развития, устойчивость к заболеваниям и огородным вредителям, выносливость. Именно поэтому следует очень серьезно отнестись к приобретению семян и их подготовке для высадки в грунт. Нежелательно покупать посадочный материал на рынках и в случайных местах: в лучшем случае он окажется низкокачественным, в худшем будет заражен грибковыми или бактериальными заболеваниями. Кроме того, несоблюдение температурного режима хранения семян (например, при торговле на открытых прилавках в холодное время года) отрицательно сказывается на их всхожести.
В первую очередь следует внимательно изучить информацию, содержащуюся на упаковке семян. Обычно вместе с фотографией растения на обертке указывается название сорта, а также его особенности (обычный или гибридный). Сорта выводятся в процессе очень долгой и кропотливой селекционной работы, поэтому сортовые виды имеют строго определенные признаки, передающиеся в той же последовательности из поколения в поколение.
Данная особенность очень важна для огородных культур, размножающихся с помощью самоопыления (томатов, баклажанов, перцев, гороха, фасоли и других бобовых, пряных трав). После созревания семян их можно заготовить для последующего посева. К сожалению, в условиях небольшого садового участка будет неизбежно происходить перекрестное опыление, поэтому чистоту вида обычно сохранить не удается. Целесообразно в подобных случаях каждый год приобретать новые сортовые семена. Их стоимость различается в зависимости от характеристик будущих растений.
Гибридные семена обозначаются значком «F1» на наружной упаковке. Гибриды представляют собой результаты скрещивания растений, относящихся к одному виду, но обладающих различными свойствами. Такие культуры отличаются повышенной урожайностью, выраженной скороспелостью, значительной устойчивостью к распространенным бактериальным и грибковым заболеваниям, а также некоторым огородным вредителям, защищенностью от засухи и переувлажнения. Единственным существенным недостатком гибридов является невозможность получения от них семян с аналогичными свойствами, но данная особенность не имеет решающего значения для однолетников, выращиваемых на приусадебных участках. Стоимость гибридных семян довольно высока, но урожайность выращенных культур станет прекрасной компенсацией материальных затрат.
Следующим важным параметром семян, на который следует обратить особое внимание, является дата упаковки и рекомендуемый срок хранения. Любой посадочный материал сохраняет всхожесть в течение определенного промежутка времени: например, семена огурцов, кабачков, томатов, перца, баклажана и дыни считаются «свежими» в течение 2-3 лет (при соблюдении соответствующих условий хранения и транспортировки), листовые овощи, зелень и капуста полноценно развиваются только из прошлогодних семян. На упаковке качественного посадочного материала обязательно должны содержаться все необходимые сведения, иначе от покупки следует отказаться.
Перед высевом в почву семена нуждаются в соответствующей подготовке. Правильно проведенные предварительные процедуры способствуют повышению урожайности, стимулируют рост и развитие молодых растений, предотвращают гибель всходов. Для каждой огородной культуры существуют индивидуальные способы подготовки семян.
Семена томатов, огурцов и других распространенных овощей необходимо тщательно перебрать, а затем слегка подогреть (например, над радиатором парового отопления).
Теплый посадочный материал следует погрузить в светло-розовый раствор перманганата калия на 25—30 минут (для удобства рекомендуется завернуть семена в небольшой кусочек марли или натуральной хлопчатобумажной ткани и завязать толстой ниткой). Данная процедура называется протравливанием. Таким образом можно защитить будущие всходы от опасных вирусных и бактериальных инфекций. После протравливания семена промывают теплой проточной водой и оставляют во влажной ткани на 24 часа.
Семена укропа, моркови, петрушки, тмина, сельдерея, пастернака и других представителей семейства зонтичных богаты эфирными маслами и сложными органическими соединениями, поэтому их следует выдерживать в мокрой марле около 2 суток, причем температура воздуха в комнате не должна быть ниже 25° С.
Семена корнеплодов обычно не замачивают, поскольку их всхожесть после данной процедуры заметно уменьшается.
Семена капусты белокочанной, предназначенные для высева в открытый грунт, можно выдержать в слабом растворе аптечной аскорбиновой кислоты (рекомендуемое время воздействия — около 15 часов). Данная процедура облегчит последующую адаптацию молодых растений к неблагоприятным условиям окружающей среды, поможет им сформировать полноценную разветвленную корневую систему.
В настоящее время существует огромный ассортимент специальных составов, предназначенных для замачивания семян перед высевом. Указанные смеси различаются по своему химическому содержанию и предназначаются для определенных видов огородных растений. При их использовании необходимо тщательно соблюдать прилагаемые инструкции.
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