Подготовка почвы

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Подготовка почвы
Главным полезным свойством почвы считается ее плодородие. Хорошая земля непременно должна быть качественно разрыхленной, легко поглощать и конденсировать воду, без затруднений пропускать воздух, впитывать полезные для растений питательные химические соединения. Качество почвы зависит от особенностей ее образования (сочетания горных пород), климатических условий, а также регулярности и правильности обработки — плановых севооборотов, своевременного разрыхления и вскапывания, внесения удобрений и т. п.

По своему механическому составу почвы подразделяются на тяжелые глинистые, глинистые, тяжелые суглинки, легкие суглинки, супесчаные, песчаные и сыпучие пески.

В зависимости от структуры земли следует выбирать способ ее обработки. Например, глинистые почвы считаются очень тяжелыми, поскольку после увлажнения они слипаются в комья и затем покрываются плотной коркой, песчаные же, напротив, легко рассыпаются и не требуют дополнительного рыхления после вскапывания. Прежде чем приступить к подготовке огорода к посадке и посеву растений, необходимо определить тип почвы.

Каждая разновидность земли обладает определенными физическими свойствами. Связность (способность частиц грунта к слипанию между собой) наиболее выражена у глинистых типов и в меньшей степени — у песчаных. Водные свойства отличаются большим разнообразием: влагоемкость (способность почвы удерживать поступающую воду) характерна для глинистых почв, поскольку рыхлые песчаные грунты быстро пересыхают. Водопроницаемость (способность к пропусканию влаги в глубоколежащие слои), напротив, свойственна песчаным и супесчаным почвам, глинистые же плохо впитывают воду. Воздухопроницаемость характерна для песчаного грунта, а чтобы обеспечить правильный газообмен в глинистой земле, последнюю необходимо тщательно и регулярно разрыхлять.

Основной целью обработки почвы и подготовки ее к посеву является механическое измельчение крупных конгломератов грунта и обеспечение влаго- и газообмена на максимально возможной глубине. Правильная подготовка земли обеспечивает полноценное питание растений, снабжение их необходимой для роста и развития влагой, а также микроэлементами. Периодическая обработка почвы позволяет избавиться от многочисленных сорняков, равномерно распределить внесенные удобрения и перегной. Рыхлая, «пушистая» почва прекрасно впитывает и сохраняет воду.

Доступ воздуха к корням растений также должен быть обеспечен. Корневая система без доступа кислорода быстро загнивает и перестает выполнять возложенные на нее функции. Кроме того, полноценный газообмен стимулирует размножение полезных микроорганизмов, обитающих в толще грунта. Бактерии в процессе своей жизнедеятельности вырабатывают витамины и другие биологически активные вещества, обеспечивают полноценное усвоение корневой системой химических и натуральных удобрений.

Источник: supersadovod.ru

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