Арония (Черноплодная рябина)

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Арония (Черноплодная рябина)
Семейство Розоцветные (Розовые). Хотя в народе аронию часто называют черноплодной рябиной, к рябине это растение имеет весьма косвенное отношение (хотя и может с ней скрещиваться). С тем же успехом ее можно было бы назвать и смородиной (за сходство кустов), и даже мини-яблоней (за похожее строение плодов, которое, впрочем, в силу их размера не слишком заметно).

Род Арония включает около 20 видов многолетних кустарников, произрастающих в зоне умеренного климата Восточной Европы и Северной Америки, но в культуру из них введены прежде всего два североамериканских вида: арония красная и арония черная, отличающиеся друг от друга прежде всего окраской и размером плодов, высотой куста (красная арония может достигать в высоту б м, хотя чаще вырастает до 2—4 м, а высота черной нечасто превышает 1—1,5 м) и менее значительными деталями. Эти виды могут гибридизироваться — их гибрид известен как арония фиолетовая. Кроме них в Европе выращивают аронию сливолистную и арбутосолистную.

Под «черноплодной рябиной» у нас обычно подразумевают культурные формы, произошедшие от черной и фиолетовой ароний (больше известных под общим названием «арония черноплодная»), но претерпевшие в ходе работы селекционеров ряд изменений. Из знаменитого питомника И. В. Мичурина они были распространены по территории бывшего Советского Союза.

Почти одновременно с этим (70—80-е годы XIX в.) в России возникла другая культура, которую также многие из знакомых с ней называют черноплодной рябиной, — сорбарония, отличающаяся более сладкими плодами (чаще всего темно-вишневого цвета). Это — искусственно выведенный гибридный род, созданный на основе 5 разных видов, среди которых есть и обычная черная арония.

В Калужской области, где появилась черноплодная сорбарония, прямых линий этой исходной искусственной культуры сейчас почти не осталось, и большинство ее сортов утеряны безвозвратно, однако часть ее селекционного материала попала в мичуринские сады и влилась в другие гибридные сорта (как аронии, так и рябины). Аналогичные и похожие гибриды были параллельно выведены и в других странах, в частности в Германии.

Все они могут фигурировать под разными названиями, поэтому вероятность приобрести сорбаронию под видом обычной аронии или рябины не так уж мала (кстати, некоторые ее разновидности выращивают прежде всего как декоративные — хотя они также плодоносят, большого урожая от них ожидать не приходится).

Биологические особенности
Все формы настоящей аронии (и черной, и красной, и фиолетовой) являются сильноветвящимися кустарниками от 1,5 до 3 м высотой, а сорбарония — небольшое, но явно выраженное дерево. Листья у ароний очередные, простые (обычно с зазубренными краями) или перистым расчленением; небольшие цветки с пятью лепестками и пятью чашелистиками, как правило, собраны в соцветия по 10—20 штук в каждом (соответственно, столько получается и плодов). Плод по внутреннему строению представляет собой маленькое яблоко. Все аронии и сорбаронии — скороплодные растения с длительным цветением и практически ежегодным плодоношением.

«Классическая» мичуринская черная арония задумывалась как культура для регионов с наиболее суровым климатом (регионы рискованного садоводства), где другие фрукты не растут или растут крайне плохо. Соответственно и селекционные работы были направлены прежде всего на повышение ее стойкости к различным неблагоприятным климатическим факторам — к морозным зимам, короткому и холодному лету, малоплодородным почвам и т.п.

В результате морозостойкость некоторых разновидностей черноплодной аронии такова, что от нее удается получать плоды даже в Заполярье (станция Апатиты). В среднем критические для ее роста температуры — более -40 °С, цветки повреждаются заморозками при -5—7 °С. Все ее культурные разновидности очень урожайны, но вкусовые качества плодов часто далеки от идеала. Практически все формы аронии черноплодной самоплодны.

У красной аронии плод может достигать 10 см в диаметре, но хорошо зимует она только в условиях умеренного климата.

Зимостойкость импортных разновидностей ароний и сорбароний еще больше, этим параметром надо обязательно интересоваться непосредственно при приобретении посадочного материала, так же как и его предназначением — плодовая это культура или декоративная.

Ценность культуры
Ягоды самой распространенной у нас черноплодной аронии — кисло-сладкие с вяжущим вкусом. Пригодны для употребления как в свежем, так и в переработанном виде, однако в свежем виде их обычно едят относительно редко (хотя у некоторых сортов они почти лишены типичной горечи, а для здоровья в таком виде наиболее полезны) и используются главным образом для изготовления сока (его выход очень большой), варенья и вина. В промышленности из них производят ароматизаторы для напитков и безвредные пищевые красители.

Арония черноплодная — рекордсмен среди плодовых растений по содержанию витамина Р (22-15 мг на 100 г), полезного для предупреждения и лечения гипертонии, и сорбита (3,5 %) — заменителя сахара, полезного для диабетиков. Черноплодная рябина также отличается высоким содержанием антоцианидов (14-80 мг на 100 г свежих ягод) и проантоцианидов (664 мг на 100 г), являющихся сильными антиоксидантами, — большего их содержания ни у одного другого вида не обнаружено.

Кроме того, в плодах есть флавоноиды, катехины, органические кислоты, дубильные вещества, пектин и микроэлементы, в том числе большое количество йода (40 мг на 100 г сухого вещества — немногим меньше, чем в известном «концентраторе йода» фейхоа). Благодаря этому аронию успешно при-меняют при лечении рака толстой кишки, вегетососудистых и сердечных заболеваний, хронических простуд, гастритов, пептической язвы и некроза печени. С другой стороны, антоцианы сгущают кровь, что делает аронию опасным продуктом для людей, организм которых склонен к образованию тромбов, — использовать для лечения плоды аронии можно только под наблюдением врача.

Арония весьма декоративна и хорошо смотрится в живых изгородях. Кроме того, из нее получается хороший подвой для некрупных сортов груши, а благодаря длительному цветению она является неплохим медоносом.

Сорта
В Госреестре РФ районированных сортов нет (хотя культура в целом включена в сортимент), наиболее распространен сорт Черноокая. Также существует ряд новых сортов, созданных на различных экспериментальных станциях, но официальной регистрации не получивших.

Агротехника Выбор места
Арония предпочитает хорошо увлажненные торфяные земли с нейтральной и слабокислой реакцией, при этом к механическому составу почв она практически безразлична, хорошо переносит небольшое засоление и даже загрязнение почвы. Минимальный уровень залегания грунтовых вод — 1м.

Арония в дикой природе растет в лесу среди более высоких деревьев, и потому в саду можно отвести для нее тенистое место, хотя на освещенном урожай будет лучше.

Размножение
Аронию можно размножать различными способами: и семенами (обязательно после прохождения стратификации в течение 90—120 дней при температуре 3—5 °С), и вегетативно (делением куста, укоренением зеленых и одревесневших черенков, отводками, отпрысками, прививкой на рябину обыкновенную). Во всех случаях вегетативного размножения используются стандартные приемы и методы.

Посадка
Перед посадкой на дно ямы желательно внести удобрения, причем использовать для этого надо только органические удобрения — арония чувствительнее других культур реагирует на нарушение естественного баланса питательных элементов (их соотношение в почве). Насколько стоит заглублять куст, зависит от желания садовода — чем больше он заглублен, тем больше появится корневой поросли.

Размеры посадочной ямы и схема посадки
Глубина посадочной ямы — 40 см, диаметр — 60 см, расстояние между растениями — 2—2,5 м. При выращивании большого количества кустов нередко их поначалу размещают на расстоянии 1 м, но когда кроны смыкаются, лишние кусты удаляют. Декоративные разновидности можно высадить и на расстоянии 1,5 м друг от друга для создания плотной живой из-городи.

Обрезка, формирование кроны
Первый раз куст обрезают после посадки на постоянное место — на побегах надо оставить по 3—4 хорошо развитых почки (высота обрезки 10—15 см). На следующий год вырезаются все слабые и недозрелые побеги и мелкая поросль, из побегов нулевого порядка оставляют 3—4 самых развитых, из которых сформируются скелетные ветки. На третий год, когда на кусте появляется много ветвей первого порядка, надо обрезать все лишние, оставив 4—5 наиболее сильных.

Позже у плохо ветвящихся кустов скелетные ветки стоит укоротить на треть длины, а у сильноветвящихся — только если их концы повреждены. На 4—5-й год куст должен иметь 15—20 скелетных веток. Начиная с этого возраста обрезка опять проводится ежегодно — старые ветви и лишнюю корневую поросль надо удалять или обрезать до первого сильного бокового ответвления. Также регулярно должны удаляться поврежденные ветви вне зависимости от их возраста.

Возможна и упрощенная обрезка, при которой целенаправленное формирование куста не проводится, а просто регулярно удаляются более слабые или поврежденные ветви, чтобы не было лишнего загущения.

Поливы
Арония относительно влаголюбива, но поливать ее надо лишь в случае долгого отсутствия дождей.

Подкормки
На подкормки органическими удобрениями реагирует положительно, осуществлять их желательно весной и осенью. Без подкормок в силу своей нетребовательности не погибает, но урожай будет меньше.

Прочий уход
Уход включает в себя глубокое рыхление междурядий минимум 2 раза в год и обычное рыхление в случае образования слишком плотной земляной корки. Первые два года желательно проводить регулярную прополку.

В регионах со слишком суровыми зимами (Северный, Северо-Западный) куст на зиму надо укрывать утепляющими материалами.

Уборка урожая
Ягоды чаще всего снимаются вместе с кистью.

Вредители и болезни
Арония почти не повреждается.

Купить аронию черноплодную

Источник: supersadovod.ru
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