Хеномелес

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Хеномелес
Семейство Розоцветные. В быту хеномелес чаще всего называют айвой из-за явного сходства его плодов с плодами айвы.

Однако он относится к совершенно другому роду, включающему в себя пять видов: четыре естественных (хеномелес Маулея, или низкий, хеномелес японский, хеномелес прекрасный и хеномелес катаянский, в последнее время более известен как китайский) и один гибридный, созданный искусственно — хеномелес превосходный (он возник в результате скрещивания хеномелесов прекрасного и японского). Родина всех видов хеномелеса, кроме превосходного, — Восточная Азия (Япония, Китай, Корея).

История хеномелеса как культуры пока недолгая, но довольно интересная. В Европе это растение впервые появилось около 200 лет тому назад и поначалу культивировалось в Западной Европе исключительно как декоративная, красиво цветущая культура, в то время как плоды хеномелеса считались непригодными к употреблению. Соответственно, и старания селекционеров были направлены на повышение его декоративности, а не вкусовых качеств плодов. Обретением известности в качестве плодового растения хеномелес обязан… обычной ошибке: в середине XX века его семена, спутав из-за бытового названия с семенами настоящей айвы, прислали в латвийские плодовые питомники.

Естественно, ошибку быстро обнаружили, и ученые получили возможность исследовать плоды хеномелеса, открыли в них немало достоинств и признали их перспективными для культивирования. После этого «новая культура» разошлась по семейным садам Прибалтики под названием «цидония латышская», а затем распространилась (опять-таки как «цидония») и по сопредельным областям России.

Вскоре были предприняты попытки ввести эту культуру и в промышленных масштабах (кстати, уже как хеномелес, поскольку, разумеется, к тому моменту растение уже давно было правильно идентифицировано), однако этому помешал советский авторитарный стиль руководства — из Москвы пришло указание раскорчевать плантации «какого-то хеномелеса» и внедрять кукурузу.

Работы с ним в Советском Союзе были прекращены на долгие годы и активно возобновились уже после распада СССР сразу в нескольких центрах, в том числе и в Институте садоводства УААН и Центральном ботаническом саду УААН, где были выведены первые крупноплодные и высокоурожайные сорта хеномелеса без колючек.

Хороших результатов в селекции хеномелеса в начале XXI века добились также в России (ВНИИПСК) и Белоруссии (Институт плодоводства НАН Белоруссии). В настоящее время есть все основания полагать, что из редкой и экзотической культуры хеномелес в скором времени превратиться в весьма распространенную.

Биологические особенности
Все виды хеномелеса имеют развитую, глубоко залегающую корневую систему, благодаря чему они очень засухоустойчивы, малотребовательны к почвам, а побеги их покрыты колючками (у некоторых новых сортов колючек нет). Строение куста, форма и окраска плодов, а также зимостойкость зависят от вида.

Хеномелес японский. Родина этого хеномелеса — Япония. Листопадный кустарник от 1 до 3 м высотой, обычно колючий. Листья простые с зазубренными края-ми, кожистые, блестящие, у многих сортов при распускании окрашены в бронзово-красные тона, летом — зеленые.

Цветет (в зависимости от региона) в начале мая или в июне. Цветки густо покрывают ветки, они очень декоративны— 3—5 см в диаметре, с пятью лепестками, чаще всего ярко-красные (на их фоне очень эффектно выглядят светлые желтые пыльники), реже — белые, розовые или оранжевые. Плоды обычно созревают в сентябре.

Плод — как у айвы (с ботанической точки зрения — яблоко). В зависимости от сорта они могут иметь массу от 10 до 300 г и зеленую, желтую или оранжевую окраску. У исходного вида и близких к нему форм кожура липкая (маслянистая). Теплолюбивый вид, но при укрывании на зиму хорошо выдерживает зимние условия центральных регионов РФ и Прибалтики.
Самые продуктивные ветви у хеномелеса — трехлетние.

Хеномелес прекрасный. Родом из Западного Китая. Кустарник средней высоты. Листья крупные (7—15 см длиной). Цветки белые. Плоды крупные (до 10 см в диаметре и массой до 300 г), грушевидные.

Хеномелес катаянский (китайский). Родина — Китай и Корея. Кустарник средней высоты. Цветки крупные, красные. Плоды 5—6 см в диаметре, похожи на яблоки.

Хеномелес Маулея (низкий). Родина — Восточная Азия. Отличается от других видов хеномелеса стелющимися по земле ветвями. Самый морозоустойчивый вид, очень удобный для укрывной культуры.

Все виды хеномелеса отличаются скороплодностыо и ежегодным плодоношения, но в большинстве своем недостаточно урожайны (в среднем от них получают 2—5 кг плодов с куста). Плоды у всех очень транспортабельные и хорошо дозревают в лежке.

Ценность культуры
Плоды хеномелеса имеют немало общего с айвой — они твердые и терпковатые, но еще более кислые (и так же, как у айвы, после первых морозов они размягчаются и утрачивают терпкость). При этом из-за кислоты в свежем виде их можно использовать как аналог лимона — при похожем вкусе они вдобавок обладают ароматом, напоминающим ананасный. За это его, кстати, иногда называют «северным лимоном».

По-настоящему вкусными плоды хеномелеса становятся после переработки. Из них можно готовить цукаты, варенье, повидло, мармелад, консервы, начинки для пирогов и конфет и раз-личные напитки (от компота и сока до особого шипучего вина и ликеров).

Плоды хеномелеса являются ценным источником витаминов (у некоторых плодов содержание витамина С в свежем виде в 10—14 раз выше, чем в лимоне, а после переработки — на уровне свежего лимона), пектиновых веществ и микроэлементов (особенно много в них йода и кобальта).

Благодаря строению корневой системы хеномелес можно использовать для укрепления склонов.
Цветущий хеномелес на редкость декоративен.

Сорта
Витаминный
Хеномелес
Сорт украинской селекции (Национальный ботанический сад НАНУ). Куст компактный, ветви прямостоячие, слабоколючие. Плоды очень крупные (масса до 100 г), шаровидные или слегка приплюснутые, ярко-желтые, ароматные, с повышенным содержанием витамина С (до 362 мг%); кожица гладкая, маслянистая.

Калиф
Хеномелес
Сорт украинской селекции (Артемовская ОС Института садоводства УААН). Куст высокорослый, ветви прямостоячие, средне колючие. Цветки белые с розовыми пятнами. Плоды очень крупные (масса 80—150 г), круглые или овальные, желтые, ароматные; кожица глад-кая, маслянистая.

Караваевский
Хеномелес
Сорт украинской селекции (Национальный ботанический сад НАНУ). Куст высокорослый, ветви прямостоячие, колючие. Плоды крупные (средняя масса 70 г), усеченно-шаровидно-конические или коротко-цилиндрические, желтовато-зеленые, ароматные; кожица гладкая, слегка маслянистая.

Кримсон энд Голд
Хеномелес
Сорт американской селекции. Куст до 1 м высотой, раскидистый, ветви колючие. Цветки среднего размера, темно-красные. Плоды крупнее сред-него (средняя масса 40—80 г), яйцевидные, зеленовато- желтые, часто с румянцем.

Мерлози
Хеномелес
Сорт бельгийской селекции. Куст высокорослый (до 2 м), ветви прямостоячие, относительно колючие. Цвртто-крупхнс, Селме с розовыми полосками. Плоды крупные (средняя масса60—80 г) яйцевидно-конические или неправильно грушевидные, зеленые; кожица сухая.

Нивалис
Хеномелес
Французский сорт неизвестного происхождения. Куст рослый (1,5—2 м высотой), ветви густые и относительно колючие. Цветки средней величины, белые. Плоды крупные (средняя масса 60—80 г), округлые, желтые; кожица сухая.

Ника
Хеномелес
Сорт украинской селекции (Артемовская ОС Института садоводства УААН). Куст низкорослый, раскидистый, ветви бесшипные. Цветки оранжево-красные. Плоды крупные и очень крупные (масса 60—100 г), круглые, неправильной формы с немножко бугристой поверхностью, желтые; кожица маслянистая.

Николай
Хеномелес
Сорт украинской селекции (Институт садоводства УААН). Куст низкорослый, раскидистый, бесшипный. Цветки оранжево-красные. Плоды крупные (средняя масса 50—80 г), круглые, неправильной формы со слегка бугристой поверхностью, желтые; кожица маслянистая.

Помаранчевый
Хеномелес
Сорт украинской селекции (Национальный ботанический сад НАНУ). Куст компактный, средней величины с прямостоячими, практически неколючими ветвями. Плоды крупные (средняя масса 60 г), приплюснуто-шаровидные или удлиненно-конические, ярко-желтые, ароматные; кожица гладкая, маслянистая.

Рубра
Хеномелес
Японский сорт (завезен в Европу Дж. Банксом). Куст высокорослый (до 2,5 м) с прямостоячими относительно колючими ветвями. Цветки красные, средней величины. Плоды средние и крупные (средняя масса 50—90 г), шаровидные, зеленовато-желтые.

Симони
Хеномелес
Сорт французской селекции (питомник Симон- Луи). Куст 1—1,5 м высотой, с раскидистыми колючими ветвями. Цветки большие, темно-красные. Плоды мелкие (средняя масса 40—50 г), яйцевидные, зеленовато- желтые.

Тойо Нишики
Хеномелес
Японский сорт. Куст среднерослый, густой, относительно колючий. Цветки красные. Плоды похожи на яблоки, с сухой кожицей, желтые.

Умбиликата
Японский сорт (завезен в Европу Ф. Зибольдом). Куст высокорослый (до 2 м), ветви прямостоячие, относительно колючие. Цветки розово-красные. Плоды крупные (средняя масса 80—90 г), шаровидные, кожица сухая.

Фасцинейшн
Хеномелес
Сорт голландской селекции. Куст низкорослый (около 1 м высотой), ветви колючие. Цветки крупные, красные. Плоды средние (средняя масса 50—60 г), округлые или яйцевидные, зеленые.

Цитриновый
Хеномелес
Сорт украинской селекции (Национальный ботанический сад НАНУ). Куст средней величины, приподнятый, ветви прямостоячие, без колючек. Плоды крупнее среднего размера (средняя масса 70 г), шаровидно-конические, к вершине суженные, зеленовато-желтые, ароматные.

Элли Моссел
Хеномелес
Сорт голландской селекции. Куст низко-рослый (около 1 м высотой), раскидистый, ветви прямо-стоячие, очень колючие. Цветки крупные, ярко-красные. Плоды крупные (средняя масса 70—80 г), округлые; кожица маслянистая.

Кроме этих сортов, существует целый ряд декоративных (плоды у них также съедобны, но часто мелкие или менее вкусные).

Выбор места
Главное требование Хеномелеса к почве — pH 5,0—5,5, к механическому составу он почти равнодушен и способен расти даже на бедных почвах (на плодородных развивается и плодоносит лучше). Место должно быть солнечным (в тени хеномелес не плодоносит).

Способы размножения
Хеномелес можно размножать семенами, отводками, черенками, корневой порослью (отпрысками) и прививкой. Чаще всего применяются вегетативные способы, поскольку только в этом случае сохраняются все сортовые признаки.

Вегетативное размножение
Проще всего размножать хеномелес (особенно низкий) отводками. Для этого боковую ветку весной укладывают в бороздку и засыпают перегноем. Как правило, к осени корни уже успевают сформироваться, и отводок можно отделять. При этом его разрезают на части по количеству появившихся на нем вертикальных побегов. Бели саженцы получились сильными, их можно сразу же поместить на постоянное место, если слабыми — дорастить еще год в месте с обогащенной удобрениями почвой.
Размножение корневой порослью выраженных особенностей не имеет.

Черенкованием хеномелес обычно размножают в первой половине лета. На черенки можно брать как молодые зеленые побеги, так и старые одревесневшие — они укореняются одинаково хорошо. Оптимальная длина стеблевого черенка — 15—25 см. При укоренении черенков в мини-тепличках с высокой влажностью воздуха удается достигать почти 100 % результата.
Прививку практикуют чаще всего для того, чтобы получить большее количество сортов без увеличения количества кустов в саду. Для прививки в качестве подвоя можно использовать как несортовые сеянцы хеномелеса, так и других растений из семейства Розоцветные — айвы, груши, яблони, боярышника или рябины.

Семенное размножение
Семенное размножение применяется для получения подвоев и для селекции. Осенью свежесобранные семена можно сеять сразу в грунт (всхожесть средняя). Перед весенним высевом семена нуждаются в холодной стратификации (0—3 °С) во влажном песке в течение 2—3 месяцев, в этом случае всхожесть у них выше. На 1 м2 требуется 4—5 г семян.

Посадка, размер посадочной ямы
На постоянное место саженцы можно помещать как вес-ной, так и осенью.
Чаще всего хеномелес сажают в траншею произвольной длины (по количеству кустов) глубиной не более 40 см и шириной около 50 см, но можно делать под него и от-дельные посадочные ямы (40 см глубиной, 50 см в диаметре). Оптимальное расстояние между кустами — 1 м. Яму заполняют смесью вынутой из нее почвы с органическими и минеральными удобрениями (до 10 кг навоза на яму), не заглубляя корневую шейку—она должна находиться на уровне поверхности почвы. Саженцы после посадки надо обильно полить и замульчировать приствольный круг.

Обрезка, формирование куста
Четких схем формирующей обрезки для хеномелеса не разработано, главное, чтобы в ее результате у куста получилось 12—15 ветвей в возрасте от одного до четырех лет. Обрезают хеномелес весной, до начала сокодвижения. Санитарная обрезка проводится ежегодно.

Поливы
Хеномелес достаточно поливать лишь изредка, при длительном отсутствии дождей.

Подкормки
Обычно хеномелес подкармливают трижды: весной минеральные удобрения (прежде всего азотные) разбрасываются по поверхности почвы и заделываются в нее при рыхлении, а после цветения и снятия урожая дается полное удобрение в виде растворов.

Прочий уход
Весной и осенью надо рыхлить приствольный круг, летом рыхление проводится только на тяжелых почвах.
В регионах с холодными и/или малоснежными зимами применяют укрытие кустов деревянными щитами, матами, лапником, проводят дополнительное снегозадержание.

Особенности сбора и хранения урожая
Плоды хеномелеса можно собирать как в состоянии спелости, так и недоспелыми — они хорошо дозревают в лежке.

Вредители и болезни
Вредителями и болезнями поражается редко (иногда страдает от тли и цветочной галлицы).

Источник: supersadovod.ru

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