Гидропоника

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Гидропоника
Далеко не всегда возможности садовых участков и городов совпадают с нашими желаниями и планами. Кому-то достаточно разбить парочку клумб и высадить пол-сотки овощей, а у кого-то – гораздо более масштабные планы.

Как минимум, обеспечить семью на зиму, а еще лучше – кое-что подзаработать. Препятствием здесь может стать целый ряд факторов.

Это и площадь, занятая под огород, и причуды погоды, скудость почвы, и ее плохая «наследственность» из-за обилия сорняков, вредителей и возбудителей болезней растений.

В этом случае стоит обратить внимание на старого-нового знакомого – гидропонику – выращивание растений без почвы, на основе водных растворов или простейших субстратов.

Все мы хоть что-нибудь да знаем о гидропонике, однако зачастую воспринимаем ее как трудоемкую игрушку – удел особо старательных садоводов и специализированных тепличных комплексов.

Между тем, при упрощенном подходе к вопросу, благодаря гидропонике можно добиться стабильно высокого урожая, избавив себя от многих хлопот классического земледелия.

В числе главных преимуществ гидропоники необходимо назвать следующие:

  • отсутствие потребности в обширных площадях для выращивания растений. Условно говоря, организовать «огород» можно хоть у себя в квартире;
  • возможность получать урожай в независимости от климатических условий;
  • отсутствие необходимости бороться с сорняками;
  • почти абсолютная стерильность относительно возбудителей заболеваний растений и вредителей;
  • существенная экономия на удобрениях благодаря полной усваиванию полезных веществ в водной среде;
  • корневая система никогда не пересыхает или не «задыхается» от недостатка воздуха;
  • нет нужды в регулярном ручном поливе растений;
  • упрощается пересадка многолетних культур;
  • в плодах не накапливаются вредные для организма человека вещества.

В свою очередь, главная трудность такого подхода состоит в том, чтобы обеспечить четкое соблюдение технологии выращивания!

Практика: шаг за шагом
Приступая к делу, следует сразу же определиться с вышеупомянутой технологией. Дело в том, что существуют десятки и сотни разновидностей гидропонных систем.

Не стоит сходу хвататься за наиболее сложные из них, а тем паче закупать дорогостоящее оборудование, например, насосы для активного выращивания, даже если вы считаете себя опытным садоводом.

Первым делом  в гидропонике желательно поупражняться на каком-то одном растении, вооружившись для этой цели блокнотом и трехлитровой стеклянной банкой.

Для новичка лучшим выбором является томат. Закрываем банку обычной пластиковой крышкой, в которой просверливаем три отверстия.

Главное посредине – для растения, боковые – для опоры стебля и для воздуховодной трубки. Банка должна быть защищена двумя пакетами – черным и белым.

Первый – защита от солнечного света, и соответственно, цветения воды, другой – от перегревания. В главное отверстие продеваем пластиковую трубочку.

В банку засыпаем чистый песок и отстоянную, лучше дождевую воду. Сажаем вымоченное на протяжении суток и проросшее во влажной тряпочке (2-3 дня) семечко.

Как только появится росток, выливаем воду и заливаем раствор половинной концентрации, через 5-6 дней – меняем его на раствор нормальной концентрации. Уровень воды должен покрывать корень полностью.

Как только растение окрепнет, следует немного слить жидкость, чтобы вода закрывала чуть больше половины длины корня – это обеспечит его воздухом.

Последний аспект – крайне важен, потому через воздуховодное отверстие необходимо дважды в день по 20-25 минут закачивать воздух.

Для этой цели можно приспособить или резиновую грушу или компрессор для аквариума.

Более простой вариант – добавить в воду 3-процентную перекись водорода (раз в 4 дня по 0,5мл), из которого растение самостоятельно извлечет кислород для корней.

Самое главное – тщательно записывайте все свои наблюдения за состоянием растения и проделанные процедуры! Это поможет вам в дальнейшем, когда вы приступите к массовому выращиванию овощей.

Водные растворы для гидропоники
Вкратце обрисуем особенности воздействия элементов и микроэлементов на растения, чтобы более четко представлять состав живительных растворов.

Азот – строительный материал для белков, которые состоят из аминокислот. Воспринимается растениями исключительно в виде солей – аммонийных и нитратов. В растворы следует добавлять оба вида солей.
Фосфор – помогает усвоению других элементов и созданию белков.
Калий – благоприятствует строительству клеток, а также созданию углеводов.
Кальций – важное вещество для обмена веществ, а также для плодоношения.
Магний – входит в состав хлорофилла, важен для обмена веществ.
Сера – незаменимый элемент в составе многих белков, «организатор» синтеза эфирных масел.
Железо, бор, медь, цинк – катализаторы процессов. Кроме того, обладают другими полезными свойствами.
Марганец – незаменим при образовании хлорофила.

Составы рекомендованных растворов для помидоров при гидропонике:
1. Кальций азотнокислый – 0,470 г/л; аммоний азотнокислый – 0,160 г/л; калий азотнокислый – 0,400 г/л; магний сернокислый – 0,280 г/л; калий фосфорнокислый – 0,140 г/л; аммоний сернокислый – 0,130 г/л.

2. Аммиачная селитра – 0,0334 г/л; калийная селитра – 0,0166 г/л; суперфосфат – 0,090 г/л; сернокислое железо – 0,010 г/л; хлористый калий – 0,010 г/л; сернокислый магний – 0,040 г/л.

Мелкий калибр
Поправлявшись с водичкой, усложняем задание, высыпав на дно банки так называемый субстрат. Работа с ним одновременно сложнее и проще.

Сложнее, поскольку крайне важно выбрать оптимальный материал.

Проще – поскольку гравийная и песчаная культуры не требуют дополнительной аэрации, то есть, нагнетания воздуха.

Существует большое количество различных смесей. Мы же остановим свой выбор на тривиальных гравии и песке.

Гравий необходимо вымочить в 0,5% растворе суперфосфата, чтобы минимизировать действие избыточного кальция. Песок же можно просто хорошо промыть проточной водой, после чего высушить.

Гравий
Берем ту же банку, однако в горлышко вставляем небольшой цветочный горшок с отверстием внизу. В горшок засыпаем гравий, с диаметром частиц примерно 5-6 мм, но не более 8.

Картина следующая: в гравий сажаем пророщенные семена, и опускаем в воду. В первые три дня уровень воды должен чуть-чуть не достигать горлышка сосуда.

Постепенно снижаем уровень раствора – примерно через три недели он должен достигать дна горшка.

В итоге растение будет себя великолепно чувствовать в гравийной структуре, получая полезные вещества через отверстие внизу, а также достаточное количество воздуха.

Песок
Этот способ позволяет получить урожай примерно на 15 дней раньше, нежели в открытой почве. Его секрет в том, что песок следует смешать с необходимым удобрениями, однако, как и в случае с водным раствором необходима аэрация.

Схема здесь довольна остроумна. Горшок с отверстием внизу ставится в поддон с водой. Внутри горшка размещаются два тканевых фитиля, выходящие в отверстие.

Все это дело засыпается песком, смешанным с удобрениями. Растения будут получать влагу посредством фитилей – ровно столько, сколько нужно посредством

Промышленный подход
Если одно или несколько растений можно вырастить где угодно, хоть в домашнем кабинете, то широкая хозяйственная деятельность предусматривает, помимо выбора конкретной технологии, создание соответствующих условий.

На приусадебном или дачном участке это может быть теплица или парник, в зависимости от целей, которые вы преследуете и климатических условий.

Понятно, что если участок расположен в чересчур уж умеренном климате, то растения следует держать под стеклом. Более мягкий климат позволяет обойтись пленочным покрытием.

Главное, чтобы были соблюдены два условия. Первое – поддержание благоприятной для развития растений температуры. Второе – конечно же, освещение.

Современные гидропонические системы условно разделяются на 6 типов: с капельным поливом, фитильная система, аэропоника, система периодического затопления, техника питательного слоя и система глубоководных культур.

Наиболее распространенным и удобным для выращивания садоводами-любителями является система капельного полива или орошения, которая разделяется на реверсионную систему и нереверсионную.

Здесь стоит отдельно сказать о субстратах. Если простейшая, так сказать, лабораторная гидропоника может базироваться на таких материалах как гравий и песок, то субстраты, используемые в промышленности достаточно разнообразно.

В ход идет даже такая экзотика как кокосовое волокно.

В системах с капельным поливом зачастую употребляется керамзит и минеральная вата. Как правило, для каждого растения необходим горшок с субстратом и поддон.

В теплице прокладывается магистральный шланг или труба, от которой в горшочки проведены пластиковые трубочки, по которым поступает живительный раствор.

Можно сделать еще проще, по примеру больших тепличных хозяйств. Со многими тысячами горшочков особо не навозишься, а потому там используются длинные и узкие так называемых «вегетационные ванные».

Проще всего их изготовить из цементного раствора, залив опалубку, а потом заизолировав. В таком случае можно оптимизировать процесс полива.

Гидропоника: большие возможности
На первый взгляд, выращивание растений по гидропоническим методам представляется необходимостью решения целого вороха технических и технологических проблем.

Действительно, чтобы запустить процесс придется создать необходимые условия: построить теплицу, организовать подачу влаги, а иногда и воздуха, создать оптимальные условия для освещения и поддержания нужной температуры, четко рассчитывать состав растворов…

Однако большей частью все эти вопросы решаются единоразово – на этапе организации гидропонической системы. В дальнейшем человеческий фактор будет ограничен лишь контролем работы оборудования и добавлением необходимых веществ.

Зато вы будете избавлены от всех работ, связанных с уходом за почвой, а главное: получите идеальный урожай. Причем срок вегетации растений ощутимо сократится.

Как свидетельствует практика вполне реально получать по 4-5 урожаев овощей ежегодно. Овощей идеального размера, с товарным внешним видом, вкусовыми качествами и полезными свойствами.

Не следует забывать о таком немаловажном аспекте, что гидропоникой успешно могут заниматься люди любого возраста и здоровья.

В отличие от классического земледелия, где нужен не только ум, но и физическая сила и выносливость.

Гидропоника, без преувеличения, является шансом для мелких крестьянских хозяйств и людей, которые хотят зарабатывать сельским хозяйством.

Значительная часть овощей в нашей стране импортируется из-за рубежа, что означает возможность наладить постоянный сбыт продукции, особенно несезонной.

Потенциал гидропоники могут использовать и животноводы – благодаря ее технологиям, домашние животные и птица могут на протяжении зимы-весны получать не высохшее и потерявшее значительную часть полезных веществ сено, а свежий витаминный корм.

И, наконец, гидропоника – это, одновременно, и наука, и работа, и отдых! Любой садовод способен постичь азы этой технологии и с успехом ее применять в домашнем хозяйстве.

Источник: supersadovod.ru

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