Нитраты

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Нитраты
В 80-х годах происходил настоящий нитратный бум. Потом он, конечно, заглох, но многие и по сей день думают, что избыточное содержание нитратов в овощах имеет единственную причину — внесение азотных удобрений. И совсем не хотят их использовать, даже если при этом теряют в урожайности. Определенное количество нитратов присутствует в растениях неизбежно, оно необходимо для образования протеина. Без этого не будет никакого развития.

Между прочим, в навозе и компосте азота содержится очень много. Вы и сами замечали, как бушует растительность на хорошо удобренной земле. А минеральные удобрения тоже ведь приносят немало пользы, если ими разумно пользоваться. Специалисты объясняют, что нитраты — это соль азотной кислоты, а ее накопление в почве идет за счет внесения тех минеральных удобрений, которые содержат группу N03. К таким удобрениям относятся калиевая и натриевая селитры. Значит, на свой участок их лучше не вносить, ведь есть немало удобрений, не имеющих такой вредной особенности.

Появление избытка нитратов в продукции растениеводства связано бывает не только с условиями азотного питания. Сказываются особенности возделывания культур, свойства почвы, сроки посева и уборки, погодные условия, сроки и способы внесения удобрений. Разные овощи по-разному накапливают нитраты. Важно бывает, например, то, какая часть растения употребляется в пищу. Нитратов больше собирается в стеблях и листьях, чем в надземных плодах. Часто отмечается значительное их содержание в корнеплодах.

Есть не только видовые различия по уровню собирания этих веществ, но и сортовые. Это значит, что один сорт картофеля способен больше накопить нитратов, чем другой. Выявлено, что культуры и сорта с непродолжительным вегетационным периодом накапливают их заметно больше, потому что за более короткий срок поглощают значительное количество азота. По мере старения растений содержание их уменьшается.

По этой причине продукция ранних сортов овощных культур и урожай первых сборов бывают более «богатыми » на нитраты. Возрастает содержание нитратов при запаздывании с посевом, при уборке растений, не достигших биологической и технической зрелости. Задержка с посадкой картофеля приводит к более значительному накоплению нитратов, чем даже внесение азотных удобрений. Интересно, что одни и те же нормы внесения удобрений могут оказаться слишком высокими в условиях холодного пасмурного лета и не вызывать отрицательных последствий в год с большим количеством солнечных дней.

Или вот такой парадокс: к повышенному содержанию нитратов приводит избыточное увлажнение почвы, и это же происходит при недостатке влаги. Интенсивное накопление нитратов идет в дождливую погоду. Агрохимики настоятельно советуют перед посадкой картофеля прогревать и проращивать клубни. Возрастает накопление нитратов на кислых почвах — значит, их надо известковать. Внесение свежего навоза тоже приводит к нежелательным результатам.

Выявлены закономерности распределения нитратов по частям растений. Это позволило сделать выводы, имеющие практическое значение. Из листовых овощей предлагается вырезать черешки (жилки) и использовать в пищу только листовые пластинки. Имеются в виду шпинат, сельдерей, петрушка, укроп. При употреблении огурцов можно удалять кожицу, у капусты выбрасывать кочерыжку и прилегающие к ней листья. Кроме огурцов любят накапливать нитраты свекла, ранняя капуста и кабачки.

А вот за помидорами такого греха не водится. Нельзя отваривать овощи в алюминиевой посуде — от этого нитраты, сами по себе невредные, превращаются в опасные для здоровья нитриты. Резко снижают количество нитратов консервирование и засолка овощей. В квашеной капусте они в течение уже первой недели уменьшаются почти наполовину. И еще один совет: овощи не надо хранить в теплом месте. При этом опасность отравления намного возрастает.

Источник: supersadovod.ru

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