С древних времен базилик почитался как символ счастья, любви и бессмертия. Он весьма распространен в диком состоянии — в природе встречается около 150 его видов. В южных странах это многолетний полукустарничек, у нас — однолетнее растение.
В России растет много разновидностей базилика. Есть сорта с приятным запахом душистого перца, которые выращивают для получения зелени. Понемногу ее кладут в соусы, супы и салаты, в банки при засолке огурцов и томатов. Интересно, что каждый сорт базилика имеет свой аромат. Редкое пряное растение может порадовать нас таким обилием оттенков вкуса.
Есть популяции с преобладанием анисового, гвоздичного, перечного, лимонного запахов. Фитонциды, которые есть в базилике, губительно действуют на вредоносные микроорганизмы и очищают воздух. Он ценится как чудесный ароматизатор, который добавляют в напитки, компоты, соки, коктейли. Базилик теплолюбив.
При понижении температуры до плюс 15 градусов его развитие резко тормозится, а при малейших заморозках он гибнет. Семена высевают на глубину 1-1,5 см в конце марта, чтобы получить рассаду. В грунт растения высаживают через 25 см одно от другого.
Они требовательны к свету, влаге, почве. Затенение вызывает задержку роста, уменьшение облиственности и невызревание семян, снижение ароматичности. Ему нужны органические и минеральные удобрения. В первый месяц базилик растет медленно, требует систематического ухода.
Базилик собирают в период бутонизации. При массовом цветении содержание эфирного масла снижается вдвое, а аскорбиновой кислоты — втрое. Листья и молодые побеги сушат, а потом перетирают в порошок. За вегетацию его срезают два-три раза.
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