Популярная овощная культура, выращиваемая во многих европейских и азиатских странах. Молодые плоды обладают приятным вкусом и содержат много углеводов, растительного белка, жиров, легкоусвояемых сахаров, каротина, витаминов, минеральных солей. Кабачки рекомендуется включать в пищевой рацион как натуральное диуретическое и желчегонное средство.
С ботанической точки зрения кабачок представляет собой кустовой однолетник, принадлежащий к семейству тыквенных. Стебли прямостоячие, мощные, листья с крупными пятилопастными пластинками, располагаются на удлиненных толстых черешках. Цветки колокольчатой формы, крупные, золотистого или оранжевого цвета. Форма плодов варьируется от почти шарообразной до цилиндрической и удлиненной, окраска белая, зеленая, полосатая, пятнистая или ярко-желтая (в зависимости от сортовой принадлежности).
Данная культура устойчива к понижению температуры воздуха. Прорастание семян начинается после того, как почва прогреется до 10—12° С выше нуля, но оптимальными условиями для полноценного развития всходов и получения обильного урожая является температура не ниже 15° С. Растения плохо переносят почвенные заморозки.
Кабачки следует выращивать на открытых участках, поскольку даже при незначительном затенении количество завязей уменьшается. Период вегетации составляет от 40 до 50 дней, у раннеспелых сортов данный срок составляет около 35 суток.
Самыми популярными разновидностями, культивируемыми в средней полосе России, являются Аэронавт, Белогор, Грибовский, Длинноплодный, Немчинковский.
Аэронавт — распространенный сорт с укороченным периодом вегетации. Плоды окрашены в темно-зеленый цвет, на поверхности кожуры хорошо заметны бледно-зеленые крапинки. Мякоть желтоватая, очень нежная и сочная.
Белогор — один из популярных скороспелых сортов, обладающий повышенной устойчивостью к похолоданиям. Плоды бледно-зеленые, цилиндрической формы, достигают спелости почти одновременно.
Грибовский — скороспелая разновидность кабачка с густо расположенной листвой. Плоды очень крупные, ярко-белые, с твердой кожурой. При хорошем уходе достигают массы около 3 кг.
Длинноплодный — раннеспелый сорт с высокой урожайностью. Кабачки цилиндрической формы, складчатые у плодоножки, с гладкой белой кожурой.
Немчинковский — гибридная раннеспелая разновидность овоща. Плоды бледно-зеленые, не очень крупные, с белой хрустящей мякотью.
Кабачки рекомендуется сажать на грунтах с легкой механической структурой и слабощелочной или нейтральной реакцией. Данная культура требует повышенного содержания гуминовых соединений в субстрате, поэтому перед высевом семян следует произвести подкормку. В качестве растений-предшественников используют капусту, репчатый лук, свеклу, репу, редьку, морковь.
Ранней весной в грунт необходимо внести перепревший компост или листовой перегной, а также комплексную смесь минеральных
удобрений. Для получения раннего урожая целесообразно выращивать кабачки рассадным способом. Перед помещением в почву посадочный материал тщательно сортируют, выбраковывая мелкие, поврежденные и деформированные семена, затем прогревают полноценные семечки при температуре около 50° С выше нуля в течение нескольких часов или замачивают в специальном дезинфицирующем растворе.
Рассаду лучше всего выращивать в торфяных горшочках или бумажных стаканчиках, чтобы при пересадке не повредить нежную корневую систему молодых растений. После появления всходов над поверхностью субстрата необходимо снизить температуру в помещении на несколько градусов, иначе будущие кабачки вытянутся в высоту. За неделю до высадки культуры в открытый грунт начинают постепенное закаливание сеянцев.
Рассаду можно определять на постоянное место произрастания в начале последней декады мая, когда у молодых растений появится не менее трех полноценных листьев. Между лунками должно оставаться не менее 18 см свободного пространства, между рядами — около 70 см. Семена можно высевать в первых числах мая, помещая в каждую ямку 3 семечка. Прореживание выполняют после того, как у сеянцев отрастет первый «взрослый» лист, оставляя на грядках только хорошо развитые экземпляры.
В течение периода вегетации рекомендуется провести 2 подкормки аммиачной селитрой или специальным удобрением, предназначенным для культивирования кабачков. Полив должен быть регулярным, после образования завязей — очень обильным. Следует также регулярно выпалывать сорняки и разрыхлять субстрат в междурядьях.
Сбор урожая проводят, не дожидаясь созревания плодов: спелые кабачки содержат довольно крупные семена, которые ухудшают вкусовые качества мякоти. Овощ используют для приготовления первых и вторых блюд, гарниров, консервированных салатов и закусок.
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