В самом деле, это растение, которое как собственно плодовая культура особой популярностью никогда не пользовалось, у большинства людей вызывает совершенно особые чувства. С калиной связано огромное количество народных поверий и традиций.
Существует очень много символических значений этого растения. Калина считается воплощением самой Украины, символом огня, девичьей чести и чистоты, вечной любви и верности, материнства, гармонии жизни и рода, непрерывности жизни вообще (как сложный образ жизненной дороги от ее начала и до конца с преемственностью поколений). В тоже время калина является символом украинского казачества, патриотизма, верности своей родине. Ее ветви и плоды использовались во всех народных обрядах: и на свадьбе, и при рождении ребенка, и на похоронах. Не удивительно, что в недалеком прошлом калину можно было видеть у любой украинской хаты. Уважают калину и в России. Любопытно, что в качестве пищевого растения калину использовали прежде всего именно там, точнее — в Сибири.
В настоящее время калину выращивают в основном как декоративную и лекарственную культуру, в качестве которой главным образом возделывается вид калина обыкновенная. При этом даже любящим калину садоводам не всегда известно, что существуют ее чисто плодовые сорта со слабогорькими и даже сладкими плодами. Многие из них являются межвидовыми гибридами с другими калинами, отличающимися естественной сладко-плодностью: американской калиной трехлопастной и черноплодной калиной гордовиной, растущей в Крыму и на Кавказе.
Биологические особенности
Калина обыкновенная — кустарник высотой 1,5—3 м или деревне до 5 м., светло-зеленые, летом темно-зеленые, осенью — красноватых оттенков. Цветет с конца мая в среднем в течение 2—3 недель (до 25 дней). Соцветия щитковидные, многоцветковые, могут достигать в диаметре 10 см и более. Цветки в соцветии двух типов: по краям соцветия они бесплодные — не содержат ни пестиков, ни тычинок, но с более крупными венчиками, они распускаются на 3—5 дней раньше, главная задача этих цветков — привлекать насекомых для опыления; плодоносящие цветки расположены в центре соцветия, они двуполые, более мелкие и очень душистые.
Плоды созревают в конце осени. Сам плод калины — костянка округлой или эллиптической формы, в спелом виде с ярко- красной кожицей и желтоватой мякотью, косточка крупная, почти плоская. На ветках плоды держатся до весны следующего года. В среднем с одного куста можно получить до 10 кг плодов.
Существуют и чисто декоративные формы калины обыкновенной, среди которых особенно популярен бульденеж («Снежный шар»). Эта разновидность отличается шаровидными крупными соцветиями, состоящими целиком из бесплодных (бесполых) цветков.
Калина очень быстро растет (за год в среднем на 40 см), но уже после того как достигает определенной степени взрослости: в первый год при семенном разведении (независимо от срока посева) из семян образовывается только подземная часть будущего куста, и лишь на следующее лето появляются первые надземные побеги.
В дикой природе калина обитает главным образом в сырых лесах и потому отличается не просто теневыносливостью, а тенелюбивостью (прямые солнечные лучи ей вредны) и повышенной влаголюбивостью. Засуху она переносит плохо. Калина обыкновенная весьма морозоустойчива и не нуждается в укрытии (у межвидовых гибридных сортов зимостойкость может быть ниже), зато плохо растет при сильной жаре.
Ценность культуры
Плоды калины в свежем виде слишком горькие и потому употребляются так относительно редко. Гораздо чаще их используют в переработанном виде—в компотах, киселях, желе, варенье и т.п. Нередко плоды калины используются и как приправа (например, ее добавляют в холодец). В пищевой промышленности сок калины используется как естественный краситель для пищевых продуктов, а также используется в приготовлении некоторых алкогольных напитков. Из сока калины можно готовить вино и наливки.
Горечь плодов калины можно устранить тремя разными способами — можно дать им подмерзнуть, пропарить в течение 2—3 часов или продержать их в соляном растворе не менее 10 часов (после этого достаточно их хорошо прополоскать — соль внутрь не проникает). Частично горечь можно снять, просто ошпарив калину кипятком.
Калина издавна ценилась за свои лечебные качества. В ее плодах содержатся сахара (до 32 %, что в 2—3 раза больше, чем в малине), пектин, дубильные вещества, каротин, витамины С (до 100 мг/100 г) и Р (до 500 мг%), гликозиды (горечь калины обусловлена присутствием именно одного из них — вибурнина, но с ним же во многом связаны и ее целебные свойства) и минеральные соли (в частности, до 5 мг% железа). В народной медицине плоды используют как слабительное, потогонное, мочегонное, успокаивающее и дезинфицирующее средство, а также включают в состав витаминных сборов. Кроме того, препараты из плодов калины употребляются для усиления сердечной деятельности.
Отвары и экстракты коры, в которой содержится пял ценных гликозидов, применяются в качестве кровоостанавливающего средства при маточных кровотечениях и болезненных менструациях.
В прошлом калина широко использовалась и как техническая культура — из ее древесины, отличающейся твердостью, изготавливали различные поделки и даже вытачивали сапожные гвозди, а из молодых веток плели корзины.
Очень высоки и декоративные достоинства калины: ее куст красив и во время цветения, и осенью, когда покрывается яркими гроздьями красных плодов. Плоды калины, кстати, можно использовать в зимних букетах — они очень долго сохраняют форму и цвет. Кроме того, калина является неплохим медоносом.
В качестве плодовых целесообразно использовать сорта с пониженной горечью плодов, к которым относятся Аккорд, Бордовая, Вигоровская, Зарница, Жолобовская, Красная гроздь, Мария (вместо горечи в них чувствуется лишь легкая терпкость), Ранняя, Соузга, Таежные рубины, Шукшинская и Эликсир; также существуют сорта с умеренной горечью плодов и повышенным содержанием витамина С, например Люкс. Все эти сорта более урожайны, чем несортовые куста калины. Одиннадцать из них включены в Госреестр.
Выбор места
К почвам калина относительно нетребовательна, главное условие — достаточная плодородность и pH 5,5—6,5, чего в случае необходимости можно добиться гипсованием или внесением в почву торфа. Избыточное переувлажнение не только допустимо, но и желательно. Самое оптимальное место для нее — полутень.
Чаще всего калину размещают одиночным кустом или вдоль забора. Очень желательно соседство с колодцем, бассейном, колонкой или другим дополнительным источником влажности (в том числе и атмосферной).
Способы размножения
Калину можно размножать как вегетативно, так и семенами (последний способ практикуется реже).
Вегетативное размножение
При вегетативном размножении калины сохраняются все свойства материнского растения. Калину чаще всего размножают зелеными черенками (одревесневшие намного хуже укореняются), делением куста, вертикальными и горизонтальными отводками и близким к ним способом — окучиванием поросли. Черенкуют калину обычно в июле. Проведение этих приемов и уход за дочерними экземплярами — без выраженных особенностей.
Сортовые калины иногда размножают и с помощью прививки. В целом же посадочный материал калины на практике чаще всего берут от растений-дикоросов.
Семенное размножение
Из-за двухлетнего цикла развития семян размножать калину этим способом сложнее, чем вегетативно, к тому же нет гарантии, что сеянцы сохранят признаки материнского растения. Для того чтобы ускорить естественный цикл развития семян, их сначала выдерживают 2 месяца при комнатной температуре во влажных опилках, а после их наклевывания подвергают стратификации, содержа в холодном погребе или холодильнике при температуре 5 °С в течение месяца. После этого семена высевают в горшочки или ящики так, чтобы часть стебля под семядолями находилась над уровнем почвы. В грунт сеянцы можно высаживать в конце апреля — начале мая, при условии, что у них успеют развиться 2—3 пары настоящих листьев.
На постоянное место саженцы или сеянцы высаживаются на следующий год.
Посадка, размер посадочной ямы
На постоянное место калину надо сажать так, чтобы на куст приходилась площадь питания 2 х 2,5 м2. Посадочная яма делается размерами 50 х 50 х 60 см, на дно ее бугорком насыпают смесь из садовой почвы и перегноя (10 кг на яму), смешанных с древесной золой и минеральными удобрениями. Корневая шейка саженца при посадке должна находиться на 5 см ниже уровня почвы. Почву надо уплотнить.
После посадки приствольный круг обильно поливают и мульчируют торфом (слоем около 10 см толщиной). Стебли саженца следует укоротить на треть их длины.
Обрезка, формирование куста
Для образования более сильных побегов на 2-й год после посадки у саженца срезают почти всю надземную часть, оставляя 2—3 узла. В дальнейшем калина нуждается в регулярном удалении поросли, санитарной обрезке и борьбе с излишним загущением.
С помощью обрезания побегов нередко борются и с вредителями калины — в случае обнаружения кладок жуков- листоедов поздней осенью, зимой или ранней весной верхушки ветвей укорачивают на 2 междоузлия, с той же целью удаляются и все засохшие цветоносы.
Поливы
Калина не переносит засухи, засушливым летом ее надо поливать 1—2 раза в неделю, не дожидаясь, пока почва вокруг нее полностью пересохнет. Взрослому кусту требуется 15—20 л воды за полив.
Подкормки
Калина очень отзывчива на подкормки, поэтому их по возможности желательно проводить дважды в год. Весной до начала вегетации ей лучше давать полное минеральное удобрение (можно нитроаммофоску), осенью перед началом опадения листьев — фосфорные и калийные удобрения.
К подкормкам можно отнести и снабжение калины торфом — слой торфяной мульчи в приствольном круге надо обновлять раз в три года.
Прочий уход
Приствольный круг калины перекапывается один раз в три года (одновременно с заменой торфа).
В качестве профилактической меры по борьбе с вредителями (помимо упомянутой выше обрезки верхушек ветвей) ее желательно каждую весну обрабатывать инсектицидами (на стадии появления первых листочков).
Особенности сбора и хранения урожая
Ягоды калины можно собирать по мере созревания, но лучше всего подождать начала заморозков — тогда они будут менее горькими.
Вредители и болезни
Калина редко болеет заразными заболеваниями, но очень сильно повреждается вредителями, прежде всего калиновым жуком-листоедом, а также тлями и листовертками.


































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