Фитофтора на помидорах, как бороться

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     Вторая половина лета характеризуется сменой погодных условий, появляются туманы, становится сыро, что способствует развитию фитофторы на помидорах, а также других овощах и клубнике. Огородники предпринимают различные меры по защите овощей, но если фитофтора повредила помидоры, необходимо знать, как правильно с ней бороться и как лечить заболевшие растения. Существуют различные химические препараты для борьбы с фитофторой на пасленовых культурах, в том числе и на помидорах, и народные средства защиты, поэтому вовремя предпринятые меры позволят предотвратить появление заболевания и сохранят урожай овощей.

Фитофтора на помидорах, как бороться

Краткое содержание

  • 1 Выбор устойчивых сортов
  • 2 Как бороться с фитофторой на помидорах
    • 2.1 Профилактика от болезни
    • 2.2 Признаки заболевания растений
    • 2.3 Условия, способствующие заболеванию
    • 2.4 Народные средства для борьбы с фитофторозом томатов
      • 2.4.1 Сыворотка или молочный настой
      • 2.4.2 Настой чеснока или лука
      • 2.4.3 Солевой раствор
    • 2.5 Подпитка помидоров ионами меди от фитофторы
      • 2.5.1 В чём принцип использования медной проволоки
      • 2.5.2 Как реализовать метод на практике
    • 2.6 Борьба с фитофторой на помидорах химическими методами
  • 3 Что делать с поврежденными овощами
    • 3.1 Как сохранить томаты
    • 3.2 Можно ли употреблять в пищу плоды

Выбор устойчивых сортов

     Бытует мнение, якобы нет таких сортов помидоров, которые бы противостояли фитофторе. Однако селекционеры проводят колоссальную работу по выведению новых сортов, в том числе, и устойчивых к фитофторе. И их достижения радуют. На пакетике с семенами всегда есть пометка об устойчивости сорта. При приобретении семян овощей обязательно обращаем внимание на описание и не ленимся прочитать особенности выбранного сорта, чтобы потом не быть разочарованными.

     К гибридным сортам томатов, устойчивым к фитофторе, относятся: Стрекоза, Партер, Каспар, Благовест, Гном, Метелица, Дубок. Дополнить список можно сортами: Солероссо, Жаворонок, Джина, Кострома.

     Фитофтороз легче предупредить, чем с ним бороться, поэтому, вовремя предпринятые профилактические меры предотвратят появление заболевания. И борьбу нужно начинать не в то время, когда почернеют листья у овощей, а во время выращивания рассады помидор. Внекорневая обработка проводится несколько раз за сезон. Только таким образом можно уберечь растения и сохранить урожай.

Фитофтора на помидорах, как бороться

Как бороться с фитофторой на помидорах

     Фитофтороз — опасное грибковое заболевание, поражающее стебли и плоды томатов. Посадки помидоров желательно проводить подальше от картофеля, так как первым заболевает именно последний, а затем споры распространяются и на томаты.

Профилактика от болезни

  • При выборе семян томатов рекомендуется отдать предпочтение ранним сортам и гибридам. Ранние успеют загодя созреть до распространения болезни, а гибридные сорта являются более устойчивыми к фитофторозу.
  • Если замечены первые признаки заболевания, необходимо удалить всю пораженную листву и сжечь её.
  • В целях профилактики во время созревания плодов у овощей нужно вносить фосфорные и калийные удобрения. Это поднимет иммунитет и повысит устойчивость к фитофторе.
  • Проводится мульчирование земли возле посадок.
  • С наступлением холодных ночей, ещё с вечера, помидоры нужно накрывать спанбондом или нетканым материалом. Но накидывать их необходимо только сверху до середины кустов. То есть укрывной материал не должен касаться земли. Такой прием оберегает растения от холодной росы.
  • После сбора урожая все кусты убирают и сжигают.
  • С целью дополнительной обработки проводится опрыскивание овощей препаратами «Барьер», «Оксихом», «ХОМ», «Заслон».
  • Около помидоров можно посадить вьющуюся фасоль, кукурузу или горох. Растения послужат своеобразной кулисой и защитят томаты.

Признаки заболевания растений

     Первые признаки фитофтороза проявляются на нижних листьях томатов. Темные пятна приобретают причудливую форму, и на них появляется белый налет. Заболевание у овощей быстро распространяется и уже через пару дней вся листва и стебли помидоров становятся черными. К плодам фитофтора поступает через плодоножку. Вначале плоды не изменяют своего цвета, но со временем на них появляются коричневатые пятна, которые темнеют и становятся черными.

     Заболевание опасно тем, что за несколько дней может распространиться на все посадки и уничтожить весь урожай. Причем фитофторой заболевают как помидоры, растущие в открытом грунте, так и томаты, выращенные в теплице.

Условия, способствующие заболеванию

     1. При высокой влажности воздуха и больших перепадах температур: днем жарко, а ночью холодно, происходит развитие фитофторы.

     2. Чрезмерный полив и затяжные дожди. Чтобы уменьшить влажность почвы, необходимо регулярно рыхлить почву в посадках помидор.

     3. Загущенность посадок. Нельзя высаживать овощи близко друг к другу. Также необходимо не позволять им разрастаться. Для этого нужно обрывать пасынки и лишнюю листву.

     4. Пониженные температуры. В это время нужно бить тревогу и обработать растения в целях профилактики появления заболевания.

Фитофтора на помидорах, как бороться

Народные средства для борьбы с фитофторозом томатов

     Многие дачники-овощеводы не хотят пичкать свои помидоры химикатами, поэтому для борьбы с фитофторой применяют народные средства.

Сыворотка или молочный настой

     В молоке, сыворотке и кефире присутствуют молочнокислые бактерии, которые не позволяют заболеванию распространяться. Этими средствами можно опрыскивать посадки томатов всё лето, так как они безвредны.

     Для приготовления настоя с молоком в 1 литре воды разводят 100 мл. продукта и опрыскивают пасленовые культуры. К раствору можно добавить каплю йода, это не только поднимет устойчивость растения к заболеваниям, но и послужит удобрением. Если нет молока, можно разводить кефир в той же пропорции.

     Опрыскивание сывороткой проводится так: её требуется развести с водой в соотношении 1:1 и опрыскать посадки. Не следует дожидаться появления заболевания, обрабатывать народными средствами можно весь вегетационный период с интервалом в 2 недели.

Настой чеснока или лука

     На 10 литров воды берется 200 гр. измельченного чеснока или лука. Через сутки настой процеживают и обрабатывают заболевшие томаты. Интервал между обработками — 2 недели.

Солевой раствор

     Огородники горазды на выдумку, и придумали применять для зашиты овощей доступные средства. Коими и является поваренная соль. В одном ведре воды растворяют 250 гр соли и опрыскивают помидоры. Этот раствор, защищающий не только от фитофторы, предотвращает развитие других заболеваний. После опрыскивания на плодах и на листочках появляется защитная пленка, которая не позволяет спорам проникнуть внутрь растения. Конечно, дождями эта пленка смывается, поэтому после дождливой погоды помидоры необходимо еще раз обработать.

     Все народные средства рекомендуется применять в целях профилактики, если растения повредила фитофтора, придется использовать химические препараты.

Подпитка помидоров ионами меди от фитофторы

Это старый проверенный способ защиты овощей от болезни

В чём принцип использования медной проволоки

     Изначально этот метод от фитофторы предусматривал обматывание корней помидоров перед посадкой медной проволокой. Но огородники доработали его и стали наматывать проволоку не только на корневую систему, но и прокалывать ею стебли овощей, и втыкать её в землю между посадками.

     Принцип действия. Берется тонкая медная проволока, прокаливается и разрезается на кусочки от 3 до 4 см. После этого, на стеблях растущих растений делается сквозной прокол на расстоянии 10 см от земли. Концы проволоки не обматывают вокруг стебля, а сгибают вниз.

К сведению!

     Выполняя такую операцию, следует помнить, что проколы делаются только после того, как стебель окрепнет.

     Дефицит меди приводит к снижению хлорофилла, овощи задерживаются в росте, некоторые экземпляры томатов гибнут. Сказывается недостаток меди и на устойчивости к заболеваниям.

Как реализовать метод на практике

     Нужно подготовить медную проволоку с диаметром до 1 мм, ножом очищаем от изоляции, лаковое покрытие снимаем наждачкой. Проволоку промывают и нарезают на небольшие куски. Потом необходимо проткнуть стебель насквозь, а концы проволоки загнуть вниз. Нельзя закручивать остатки проволоки возле стебля, так как это помешает растениям правильно развиваться.

     Процедура должна проводиться до пересадки или после неё, когда овощи полностью укоренятся. Нельзя прокалывать помидоры во время пересадки, только спустя 2 недели. В процессе иглотерапии растения получают сильный стресс и им необходимо время для адаптации.

     На стебле у рассады делают прокол под первым настоящим листочком. У окрепших, высаженных в грунт томатов, проколы делают на высоте 10 см от окученного холмика. В дождливое лето проволока устанавливается на расстоянии 80-90 см от грунта. Насыщение помидоров ионами меди — высокоэкологичный способ, безвредный для самого растения и человека. Медь впитывается в вегетативные части и не может быть смыта дождями.

Фитофтора на помидорах, как бороться

Борьба с фитофторой на помидорах химическими методами

     Не каждый хозяин решается проводить опрыскивание овощей химикатами, но иногда только они помогают защитить и вылечить культуры.

     Для приготовления раствора для опрыскивания помидоров необходимо взять перманганат калия (он же марганцовка), медный купорос и борную кислоту. Все позиции — по 1 чайной ложке.

     В начале все компоненты следует по отдельности запарить кипятком, затем соединить вместе, перемешать и опрыскивать посадки. Рекомендуется трехкратное опрыскивание с интервалом в 7 неделю.

     Каждый огородник применяет для внекорневой обработки доступные препараты для предотвращения появления фитофторы, например ХОМ, которые можно приобрести в специальных магазинах. Но важно знать, что химия накапливается в плодах овощей и при обработке нельзя переборщить с дозой. Требуется внимательно прочитать инструкцию с указаниями и в точности им следовать.

Что делать с поврежденными овощами

Как сохранить томаты

     Часть урожая, пораженную фитофторой, всё же можно сохранить. Для этого существует метод тепловой обработки плодов. В таз нужно налить воду, нагретую до 60 град, и поместить в неё помидоры. Плоды должны прогреться, но не свариться! По мере остывания нужно подливать теплую воду, пока томаты не прогреются. Потом плоды извлекают, просушивают и отправляют на дозревание в темное место или кладут на подоконник.

Можно ли употреблять в пищу плоды

     Споры фитофтороза во время прогревания гибнут, и такие помидоры можно кушать. Если заболевание сильно поразило плоды, они почернеют и им тепловая обработка не поможет. Но поврежденные зеленые плоды овощей используются для консервирования.

Источник: sotkiradosti.ru

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